Robert:
When an event, such as one that impacts human emotion, occurs:
a. What gets affected in the brain (what chemical transaction takes place)?

Your emotional mind module includes an omnidimensional steering capability.
Axis 1 is for internal prioritizing.
Axis 2 is for interface with other minds (includes empathy and priority reassignment
hinge which helps with adjustments to Axis 1.
Axis 3 is for long term attitude adjustment.
These are the only ones which are not covered by
proprietary nondisclosure agreements.

Robert:

b. If the event is upsetting/depressing to a specific individual, how resilient are human beings to recover from that upset? And can that human recover fully, or are they changed/affected forever (what does that recovery bounce-back require)?

Flight is a good metaphor. Using standard methods, it is easier to regain a good flight from a less-screwed-up attitude than a very-screwed-up attitude. There is a
panic button which some know as "what would Jesus do?" and others know as a miracle.

Robert:

c. If the event is 'a change for the better', can that 'good change' adversely effect a person to where the 'good change' is nullified. (This may not make sense - but for now let us go with it)

I dont' know.

d. What are the chemical differences between good and bad events (emotional impacts)

e. With respect to 'the rest' of a persons life, how impactful are good or bad events (or does this simply get calculated by the size of emotional anomoly)?

f. If a person is religious, how do these good or bad events affect the religious ground?

g. If a person is impacted by a good or bad event, what role does religion play in the foundation of one's emotional footing?

I suspect that these questions are quite general, but I do not know how to pose them in a 'more concrete fashion'.

Robert