For years since I've worked at Columbia University's particle physics department at Nevis Laboratories, and also FermiLab, I have been trying to convince scientists involved in Cosmology that galaxies and quasars were not formed by the accretion of stars. Rather their massive black hole nucleii preceded the formation of galaxies. These 'gravitational fragments' eminated from the Big Bang, in addition to its radiation output. I beleive that these massive black holes were instrumental in transforming the quantumn radiation flux that exists in empty space into matter (i.e. energy with mass) and the eventually the Standard Model. I've heard cosmologists state that pairs of elementary particles appear instantaneously in this fashion. That is impossible!! Only virtual quantumn pairs can come into existence this way. Perhaps this is where these primordial black holes play their role in converting quantumn energy into particles with mass-matter. I beleive that quasars are doing just that. Ralph Pisani, Wappingers Falls, NY