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Human Powered Clock Drive
by
Zac
adapted by Astronomy Net from the original site.

I have invented a human powered clock drive for astrophotography that works very nicley and is easy to build.

<-- This

gets you this -->

THE BASIC IDEA:

The gear:

There 86,400 seconds in a day and, if you, arbitrarily, want to rotate a knob once a minute like the second hand on a clock then you need a reducing gear ratio (or ratio of radii) of 1 to 1440. Since most hand guided astrophotos are going to be less than ten minutes in duration, you do not need to cut out a 2.88 meter diameter piece of wood and drive it with a 2mm diameter gear, for example. A 1.44 meter length of 1" by 3" lumber will do, for example. And you don't have to put a radius on it either.

Also, must a gear have teeth or threads? If you place a pencil under a large book and rotate the pencil in place, the book will ride over the rotating pencil. This is an example of a friction driven gear with a rather large gear ratio.

My clock drive is essentailly two pieces wood of joined together with a single nail. One piece is the stationary "baseplate" and the other piece (cut to a specific length with respect to the nail) is the "hour hand" that should move just like the hour hand of a military style 24 hr clock. The "hour hand", which will naturally rest at the 6 o'clock(12hr clock military)position, is driven at the bottom of the hand by riding over a small diameter steel rod mounted at a 45 degree angle on the baseplate.

The Polar alignment:

To get pinpoint stars on the film, the axis of rotation for the "hour hand" has to coincide with the celestial north pole. Since Polaris is about 0.75 degrees away from the celestial pole, I have created a borehole sight tube with a field of view of 1.5 degrees and rammed it through my two pieces of wood in place of the nail. When the tube is aligned with the celestial pole, Polaris should "roll" around the rim of the field of view as the night progresses.

From the star charts, it appears the celestial pole lies between Polaris and Kocab, the star at the end of the cup of the little dipper. So if you place Polaris on the rim of sight tube that is the furthest from Kocab, you should have a pretty good alignment with the celestial pole.

THE IMPLEMENTATION:

The star tracker I have built is a simple friction driven toothless gear with a ratio of radii of 1:770 whose axis of rotation is aligned with the celestial pole via a length of 1/4" I.D. steel brake line.

The Hour hand

The "hour hand" gear is a 50" long piece of 1"x3" poplar lumber and extends 45" from the axis of rotation formed by the steel sight tube. The little gear is a piece of 1/8" diameter steel welding rod which has a radius of 1/16". Since I don't plan on taking exposures longer than 10 minutes, the big gear doesn't hafta be a huge 90 inch diameter circular piece of wood. A simple 1"x3" plank will do just fine.

If you drill 5/16" hole, centered from side to side on the 1"x3", 45 inches from one end of the plank and shove a straight 5/16" o.d. piece of steel brake line that is 12.75 inches long, you now have an axis of rotation for the big gear that doubles as a 1.5 degree FOV boresight for polar alignment. Mount this gear onto some kind of a baseplate by drilling a same size hole through the baseplate and shoving the brake line through both pieces of wood. For my baseplate I use a 60" length of 1"x3" poplar wood.

Mounting the little gear:

Find exactly where the bottom of the "hour hand" lies on the baseplate and drill a 1/8" diameter hole into the baseplate at a 45 degree angle, tilting away from the big gear.

Shove in the 1/8" dia. steel welding rod and check it's position with respect to the big gear ( aka the "hour hand"). The rod should prevent the bottom of the hour hand from touching the baseplate. The clearance between the baseplate and the big gear should be less than 1/8" or so to prevent bending of the sight tube and pinching the wood against the sight tube. Barring acts of God, you should now be able to rotate the rod and the "hour hand" will ride over the rod just as smooth as a baby's bottom.

Attaching baseplate to camera tripod:

The baseplate is leaned against a camera tripod and attached to it's mounting plate. Thus, the baseplate forms a "fourth" leg of the tripod. This configuration is very stable in windy environments and will not jiggle when you turn the knob every fifteen seconds. Since I am at 37 degrees North latitude, I drilled a hole for the tripod mount 46.5" up from the bottom of my baseplate (the camera mount screw on my tripod is 36.5" above the ground) so that, when mounted to my camera tripod, it will point at roughly the correct altitude for Polaris.

Finding and attaching ball mount:

Purchase a "Bogen 3009 mini ball head" at photographic supplies store for $30. This is a beautiful, simple, no ball mount that gives you complete freedom of movement. Make sure you firmly attach it to the "hour hand" plank so that the weight of the camera will not slowly unscrew the ball mount while taking a picture. To assure free movement of the hour hand, you need a flush head screw to mount the ball head.

Attach your camera to the big gear's ball mount, attach star tracker to your tripod, aim the brake line at Polaris and rotate the rod COUNTER-CLOCKWISE 1/8 turn every fifteen seconds. My tracker gives me about 12 minutes of exposure time before the "hour hand" falls off the 1/8" diameter rod! Bending the 1/8" welding rod into an "L" shape makes for a convenient handle.

Enjoy!

Here are some of the first photos I've made with this device:

FirstLagoon.jpg 34K

This is the first hand guided astrophoto I've ever taken. It is a four minute exposure taken in the summer of 1997 sort of near New Idria, Californina. It is an abandoned mining town halfway between Fresno and the Pacific ocean. I used an old Nikkormat mechanical camera with a Nikon Nikor 50mm f1.4 lens stopped down to f2.8. The film was Kodak 400 speed color print film purchased at Safeway. The negative was scanned in with an HP photosmart photo scanner.

FirstPipe.jpg 37K

This was my second guided shot somewhere near New Idria (4 minute exposure).

Orion3b.jpg 84K

Here's a six minute guided shot of Orion with the same setup and same type of film. It was taken at about 3am in the early fall of 1997 on top of Kaiser pass (nearly 10,000 ft. elev.) which is between Yosemite and Kings Canyon Nat'l parks on highway 168. You can see Barnard's loop, the Rosette nebula, M42 and the Horse Head nebula!

Here is a more recent photo taken at Skywatchers Inn in Benson, AZ. The small gear in this case was a 1/16" diameter rod instead of a 1/8" dia. rod. This makes for easier operation in the dark since you can give it 1/4 turns every 15 seconds rather than 1/8 of a turn. The thin rod would normally put a notch in the soft wood so I placed a thin piece of polystyrene plastic (cut from the Bogen Ball mount packaging) between the rod and the wooden big gear. There is a slight error in the tracking of unknown origin since I have other less spectacular photos on the same roll of film with excellent tracking.
northamerswi3.jpg 54K

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